Friday, November 29, 2019

Bra Boysblood is thicker then water free essay sample

A documentary demonstrates an interpretation of the truth by attempting to persuade an audience to side with the makers to endorse their interpretations of issues and events. In the instance Bra boys; Blood is thicker then water, directed by Sunny Abberton, the Bra Boys gang is viewed as a imitation of a prodigious brotherhood gang of surfers that are victims from occurrences and backgrounds opposed to a gang that dispute with the law by an act of violence. The Bra Boys have interpreted issues and events by emphasizing the importance of family, belonging, brotherhood and multiculturalism. The use of presenting constructed footage and personal interviews endorses viewers to see the Bra Boys from a positive light, boys who are role models to younger generations of surfers and accept multiculturalism. Events and reenactments within the film proves this documentary is a interpretation of the truth made to display Bra Boys from a positive light therefore it can not be trusted. We will write a custom essay sample on Bra Boys:blood is thicker then water or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page These challenge Societies dominate social attitudes and values towards Bra Boys. In the documentary bra boys, blood is thicker then water; the director utilizes the boys characteristic features within a interview to help establish the bra boys as a strongly bonded brotherhood built on honesty, trust, loyalty and mate ship. As a result viewers are encouraged to approve the groups values such as integrity and cohesion which challenges predominate social views towards surfers from the town Maroubra. These values within the group are presented through an interview with sunny Abberton, the director; where he sits in a dark room shirtless displaying the tattoo across his chest ‘my brothers keeper’. â€Å"Not everyone can get one, (tattoo) you have to be a stand up type of man. † The tattoo symbolizes their belonging to the gang; it is a permanent sign of their commitment, exclusively based on loyalty and toughness. After the interview viewers respond to sunny and the boys in a positive light, it challenges dominant ways of thinking as they put friends first and have great integrity. The bra boys are presented as role models for the next generation surfers. By focusing on the willingness of the bra boys to take the younger ones out and teach them how to surf and stay out of the drugs, viewers are encouraged to see them as a family group of inoffensive fun with values towards the next generation rather then a violent gang. This is presented through the montage of interviews with bra boys and parents of the younger generation surfers. Sunny quotes in an interview â€Å"the surf has saved so many kids around here. † This displays the surf being an outlet from violence, drugs and shows a value of protection from the group. Jess’s mother quotes in an interview â€Å"I’m not one bit scared of my son hanging with the boys. † This displays the trust and respect the boys receive from parents, encouraging viewers to admire the boys. Viewers are encouraged to make out bra boys as positive role models with open arms towards kids who suffer from dysfunctional families or who live in unsafe environments. Towards the end of the documentary ‘bra boys’, the film displays the boy’s involvement in the Cronulla riots on the 11th December 2005. At this point of the film the documentary emphasizes the boys enthusiasm towards multiculturalism within the community. The bra boys are viewed calling for peace between the surf communities and the Lebanese, creating some confusion as they are ‘often criticized for their antisocial behavior and running back with authorities. ’ This was ‘a defining moment for the bra boys. ’ The boy’s attitudes towards multiculturalism are presented through constructed footage of the bra boys enthusiastically shaking hands and embracing each other. This action has been preformed to convince the audience that the bra boys accept multiculturalism. The constructed footage helps viewers realize that documentaries are highly constructed texts, however reinforces they are proud to be Ausies by acknowledging their heritage and traditions of immigrants making Australia fare home. This challenges societies view on multiculturalism due to the fact bra boys are an exclusive gang and would not accept everyone into their brotherhood. To conclude, Bra Boys are viewed as an imitation of a prodigious brotherhood gang of surfers that are victims from occurrences and backgrounds rather then a gang that dispute with the law by an act of violence. Bra Boys are presented with a positive light who are role models built on honesty, trust, loyalty and mate ship who emphasize the importance of family and multiculturalism. The documentary is an interpretation of the truth, biased so as to challenge societies dominant ways of thinking; therefore it cannot be trusted.

Monday, November 25, 2019

Section 5 Essays

Section 5 Essays Section 5 Paper Section 5 Paper What is a trophic state of a water body, and what factors influence this state? †¦? Factors influencing are P, Chlorophyll, and turbidity.Temperature, pH, sediment load, dissolved oxygen, nutrients, metalsOligotrophic: BlueEutrophic: GreenMesotrophic: In between. What factors affect the temperature of a water body? Water upstream, ground water vs. surface run off. What factors affect the pH of a water body? Acids and bases. Inputs and by alkalinity and acid neutralizing capacity. What factors affect the dissolved oxygen of a water body? Affected by temperature, altitude, turbulence, and partial pressure in the dissolved phase (autotrophs). Oxygenating bodies increases degradation of organic matter load and can be applied as a restoration technique. How can high sediment load impair water quality? It delivers nutrients and toxins, shade water columns, fills pore space, water temperature, habitat†¦? Which two elements are â€Å"nutrients†, and what are sources of these nutrients to water bodies? Nitrogen and Phosphorous – most commonly limit growth of aquatic plants and algae. Sources: Natural fixation, fertilized, fossil fuel combustion. Define eutrophication, and list some of its harmful consequences. Process where water bodies receive excess nutrients that stimulate excessive plant growth. Negative effects can include hypoxia (depletion of oxygen in the water†¦ can result in reductions in fish and other animal populations). Excessive algae, their death results in depletion of oxygen in water. Related Papers Lab interreach variability The Nitrogen Cycle Changes in the Earth’s Atmosphere Human Influences on the Environment My Role in Preserving Natural Resources Pond Water Section 6: Juliet is alone on stage What is a Sewage Treatment Plant? How to cite this page Choose cite format: Section 5. (2018, Feb 04). Retrieved from https://paperap.com/paper-on-section-5/'>APA "Section 5." PaperAp.com, 4 Feb 2018, https://paperap.com/paper-on-section-5/'>MLA PaperAp.com. (2018). Section 5. [Online]. Available at: https://paperap.com/paper-on-section-5/[Accessed: 20 Sep. 2019]'>Harvard "Section 5." PaperAp.com, Feb 04, 2018. Accessed September 20, 2019. https://paperap.com/paper-on-section-5/'>Chicago "Section 5." PaperAp.com, 4 Feb 2018, https://paperap.com/paper-on-section-5/'>ASA "Section 5," PaperAp.com, 04-Feb-2018. [Online]. Available: https://paperap.com/paper-on-section-5/. [Accessed: 20-Sep-2019]'>IEEE PaperAp.com. (2018). Section 5. [Online]. Available at: https://paperap.com/paper-on-section-5/[Accessed: 20-Sep-2019]'>AMA Section 5. (2018, Feb 04). Retrieved from https://paperap.com/paper-on-section-5/ Copy to clipboard A Pages:13 Words:3438 This is just a sample.To get a unique paper Hire Writer Want to get a price estimate for your Essay? Deadline Paper type Essay (Any Type) Admission Essay Annotated Bibliography Argumentative Essay Article Review Book/Movie Review Business Plan Case Study Coursework Creative Writing Critical Thinking Presentation or Speech Research Paper Research Proposal Term Paper Thesis Other Article (Any Type) Content (Any Type) Q&A Capstone Project Dissertation Lab Report Scholarship Essay Math Problem Statistic Project Research Summary Assignment Dissertation chapter Speech Dissertation chapter: Abstract Dissertation chapter: Introduction Dissertation chapter: Hypothesis Dissertation chapter: Literature Review Dissertation chapter: Methodology Dissertation chapter: Analysis/Results Dissertation chapter: Discussion Dissertation chapter: Conclusion Dissertation Proposal Thesis Statement Thesis Proposal Application Essay Pages 550 words(double spaced) 126 writers online Check Price A limited time offer! Get custom paper sample written according to your requirements urgent 3h delivery guaranteed Order now section 5 Paper Essay Topic: Poetry Orchestration The technique of setting music for instruments in various combinations. Page 192 Through-composed Song structure that is composed from beginning to end without repetitions of large sections. Page 196 Modified strophic form Song structure that combines elements of strophic and through-composed forms; a variation of strophic form in which a section might have a new key, rhythm, or varied melodic pattern. Page 196 Lied German for song; most commonly associated with the solo art song of the nineteenth century, usually accompanied by piano. Page 195 Lieder Plural of Lied. Page 196 Song cycle Group of songs, usually Lieder, that are unified musically or through their texts. Page 196 Art song A song that sets a text connected to a tradition of high-art poetry. See also Lied. Page 195 Strophic form Song structure in which the same music is repeated with every stanza (strophe) of the poem. Page 196 Rubato Borrowed time; common in Romantic music, in which the performer hesitates here or hurries forward there, imparting flexibility to the written note values. Also tempo rubato. Page 204 Minstrel shows Racially charged theatrical variety shows featuring white performers in blackface, acting out idealized scenes from the plantation. Page 212 Minstrelsy See minstrel show. Page 213 Absolute music Music that has no literary, dramatic, or pictorial program. Also called pure music. Page 228 Bel canto Beautiful singing; elegant Italian vocal style characterized by florid melodic lines delivered by voices of great agility, smoothness, and purity of tone. Page 234 Impressionism A French movement developed by visual artists who favored vague, blurring images intended to capture an impression of the subject. Impressionism in music is characterized by exotic scales, unresolved dissonances, parallel chords, rich orchestral tone color, and free rhythm. Page 256 Ninth chord Five-note chord spanning a ninth between its lowest and highest pitches. Page 256 Program music Instrumental music endowed with literary or pictorial associations, especially popular in the nineteenth century. Page 216 Thematic transformation Musical expansion of a theme by varying its melodic outline, harmony, or rhythm. Also thematic transformation. Page 218 Singspiel Comic German drama with spoken dialogue; the immediate predecessor of Romantic German opera. Page 242 Music drama Wagners term for his operas. Page 244 Leitmotifs Leading motive, or basic recurring theme, representing a person, object, or idea; widely used in Wagners music dramas. Page 244 Overture Single-movement concert piece for orchestration, typically from the Romantic period and often based on a literary program. Page 221 Incidental music Music written to accompany dramatic works. Page 222 Symphonic poem One-movement orchestral form that develops a poetic idea, suggests a scene, or creates a mood, generally associated with the Romantic era. Also tone poem. Page 222 Tone poem One-movement orchestral form that develops a poetic idea, suggests a scene, or creates a mood, generally associated with the Romantic era. Also symphonic poem. Page 222 Romantic melody is best described as: Lyrical and Singeable Romantic harmony is best described as: chromatic and treated expressively Which of the following is NOT typical of Romantic music? Select one: a. smaller orchestras b. interest in new orchestral forms c. increased dissonance for expression smaller orchestras Who was NOT an author of the Romantic era? Select one: a. Victor Hugo b. William Shakespeare c. Walter Scott William Shakespeare Nicolà ² Paganini was: a virtuoso violinist Which is NOT a considered a work with an exotic narrative? Select one: a. Madame Butterfly b. Brahmss Symphony No. 2 c. Aà ¯da Brahmss Symphony No. 2 Which is NOT a new instrument added to the Romantic orchestra? Select one: a. piccolo b. English horn c. French horn French horn Musicians and composers achieved a higher social status during the Romantic era than in the Classical era. True Nationalistic feelings inspired composers to incorporate folk songs and dances from their native lands into their works. True Romantic composers rarely used dynamic markings and other expressive comments in their scores to communicate their intentions to musicians. False The Industrial Revolution produced more refined, but also more expensive, musical instruments. false The French Revolution fostered the rise of a middle-class society. True Characteristics in nineteenth-century music reveal an conscious break from the past. True Orchestration was of little value in nineteenth-century composition. false The Bohemian artist rejected the social norms of the establishment. True Nineteenth-century composers sought to make their instruments sing. True Symphonies by Romantic composers are shorter than those of the Classical era. False A song form in which the same melody is repeated for each stanza, often heard in popular music, is known as: strophic form A song form that is composed from beginning to end without repetitions of whole sections is called: through-composed form A group of Lieder unified by a descriptive or narrative theme is known as a: song cycle A Lied is an art song for solo voice and piano sung in ______. German Schuberts Erlking was written: early in his life The text of The Erlking was written by: Goethe Schubert wrote approximately_____ songs. six hundred Schubert died young from: Syphilis What is the form of Schuberts song Erlking? through-composed What does the triplet rhythm in the piano accompaniment symbolically represent in this song? the horses hooves Which best characterizes the range for the fathers role in the song? low range What expressive technique does Schubert use in the boys cry, My father, my father? high range and dissonance How is the character of the Erlking differentiated musically in the song? medium range and major mode The composer normally writes the lyrics for the Lied. False Lieder composers often set the same text as other Lieder composers true The piano was declining in popularity at the time of the Romantic Lied. False Two prominent German Romantic poets whose texts were often set to music were Heinrich Heine and Johann Wolfgang von Goethe. True Romantic Lieder texts often speak of love and/or nature. true Women composers wrote Lieder in the Romantic era. True Schubert wrote symphonies based on the forms established by Classical composers. True According to legend, a child touched by the Erlking must die. True The art song became a popular repertory for amateur and professional musicians in the nineteenth century True Frà ©dà ©ric Chopin spent most of his productive career in: France Chopin was romantically involved with George Sand, the renowned: French novelist Which genre is NOT a part of Chopins compositional output? French novelist Which is the best definition of tempo rubato? robbed time Chopins Mazurka in B-flat minor is set in _____ meter. triple What best describes the character of the Chopins Mazurka? dancelike Chopin paid homage to his Eastern European ancestry by composing: mazurkas and polonaises The piano changed little technically during the nineteenth century. false The piano was the most central instrument in nineteenth-century musical culture. true The short, lyric piano work might be considered the instrumental equivalent to the nineteenth-century Lied. true The nineteenth century was an age of great virtuoso pianists. true Romantic-era piano works often had fanciful titles. true Steinway was important in the history of the Romantic-era piano. true Chopin lived a long and productive life, turning to the church in his later years. false The mazurka was originally a noble, processional dance false Melody plays no role in Chopins piano music. false Who was NOT a woman composer of the Romantic era? Select one: a. Fanny Mendelssohn Hensel b. George Sand c. Clara Schumann George Sand Which role did women NOT generally play in Romantic society? Select one: a. conductors b. music patrons c. performers and composers conductors Which genre did Fanny Mendelssohn Hensel NOT contribute to? Select one: a. songs b. opera c. piano music opera From a trip to which country did Fanny Mendelssohn Hensel draw inspiration for her work The Year? Italy During her later years, Fanny Mendelssohn Hensel was responsible for: organizing the famous family Sunday concerts The aristocratic woman who had an important influence on Liszts later years was: Princess Carolyne Sayn-Wittgenstein The overall tempo of the melody in September: At the River by Fanny Mendelssohn Hensel is best described as adagio The concept of river in September: At the River by Fanny Mendelssohn Hensel is expressed by: quick-moving notes that accompany the melody The music of which Mendelssohn was overlooked until recently? Moses A lost manuscript of Fanny Mendelssohn Hensel, in her own handwriting, that contained September: At the River was discovered in: 1789 In the recently discovered manuscript of Fanny Mendelssohn Hensels September: At the River poetry of which nineteenth-century poet was included: Goethe Women seldom composed for the piano in the Romantic era. false Fanny Mendelssohn Hensel wrote several large-scale works as well as many Lieder. true Women played a critical role in music making in the nineteenth century, except as teachers. false Music composed for the home was associated with masculine character traits. false Fanny Mendelssohn Hensel was enthusiastically encouraged to pursue a musical career by her family false Fanny Mendelssohn Hensel lived a long and productive life. false Each of the pieces in the manuscript of Fanny Mendelssohn Hensels Das Jahr was originally accompanied by poetry and artwork. true Nineteenth-century songwriters in the United States combined elements of: a. European art song b. both a and b c. opera The songs of which nineteenth-century composer remain popular today? Stephen Foster Fosters My Old Kentucky Home was inspired by: a. his limited visits to the American South b. Harriet Beecher Stowes Uncle Toms Cabin c. both a and b Fosters Jeanie with the Light Brown Hair is primarily composed in what texture? homophonic, with some polyphony Stephen Foster is known for his ballads, minstrel show tunes, and plantation songs. true Music in eighteenth- and early nineteenth-century America was wildly divergent from European traditions. false Stephen Fosters music was popular only after his death. false The term popular means belonging to the people. true The famous American tunes Oh, Susanna!, Beautiful Dreamer, and Jeanie with the Light Brown Hair all were composed by Harry Burleigh. false Stephen Fosters music sympathized with the plight of the slaves in the American South. true The music that accompanies the lyrics of Jeanie with the Light Brown Hair reflects Fosters Anglo-Irish cultural heritage. true Stephen Foster enjoyed tremendous financial success in New York City during his thirties false Stephen Fosters Jeanie with the Light Brown Hair was inspired by real life experiences. true Instrumental music that has some literary or pictorial association is called: program music Music lacking any literary or pictorial association is called: absolute music The inspiration for Berliozs Symphonie fantastique was: the actress Harriet Smithson The main theme, heard transformed in each movement of the Symphonie fantastique, is called: the idà ©e fixe Which best describes the character of the fourth movement of Symphonie fantastique? a diabolical march What does the loud chord immediately after the statement of the idà ©e fixe in the solo clarinet at the end of the fourth movement in Berliozs Symphonie fantastique represent? the falling of the guillotines blade In which movement is the Dies irae (Day of Wrath) theme from the Mass for the Dead heard? the fifth Berliozs Symphonie fantastique exemplifies the type of program music known as: the program symphony Which of the following is NOT true about Hector Berlioz? Select one: a. Some of his works have a literary basis. b. He was a German Romantic composer. c. He was a genius at orchestration He was a German Romantic composer. The character development in Sinfonie fantastique is realized musically through the thematic development of the_______. idà ©e fixe One of Berliozs key innovations was his orchestration effects. true Hector Berlioz looked to the writings of Shakespeare as the basis for both operas and symphonic works. true Hector Berlioz wrote a good deal of music that was meant to evoke images and ideas. true Music that is designed without intended literary or pictorial meanings is called program music. false Program music composers do not indicate the intended meaning of the program music. false Which of the following is a type of program music written to accompany plays? incidental music Which term describes a one-movement work for orchestra with a literary program? symphonic poem Which term describes a one-movement work possibly written to introduce a larger work but played independently? concert overture Which composer is generally credited with the first use of the term symphonic poem? Franz Liszt The chief difference between a symphonic poem and a program symphony is: the number of movements in the work Mendelssohns music for Shakespeares A Midsummer Nights Dream is a famous example of: incidental music Which type of program best describes Smetanas The Moldau? geographic/historic, depicting actual events or places Which category of program music best describes The Moldau? symphonic poem Griegs Peer Gynt is a work that suggests _________ nationalism. Scandinavian Which nationalist composer was asked to revise his music to suit a political censor? Verdi The Moldau is part of a cycle of works known as: My Country Composers expressed their nationalism through music by basing their compositions on: a. both a and b b. songs and dances of their people c. the celebration of a national hero, event, or place Bedà ¸ich Smetana represents the: Bohemian nationalist school Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov represents the: Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov represents the: Edvard Grieg represents the: Scandinavian nationalist school Antonà ­n Dvoà ¸k represents the: Czech nationalist school Jean Sibelius represents the: Scandinavian nationalist school Manuel de Falla represents the: Spanish nationalist school In the nineteenth-century nationalism was not a concern among composers. false Often composers are commissioned to write nationalistic music. true Composers like Tchaikovsky only selected inspiration from their own country in writing program music. false Symphonic poems have between three to five movements. false In the nineteenth century nationalist music was often inspired by folklore. true Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the nineteenth-century symphony? small orchestra with limited winds b. colorful harmonies c. lyrical melodies small orchestra with limited winds The third movement of the nineteenth-century symphony is most likely in: dance or scherzo form The opening melody of the third movement in Brahmss Symphony No. 3 is given to which instrument? . the cellos Which composer nurtured Brahmss talents, taking him into his home? Robert Schumann Brahms wrote his Requiem mass in memory of: his mother How many symphonies did Brahms write? four Unlike the symphonic poem, the genre of symphony is often absolute music, without a program. true The Romantic symphony follows the exact forms and proportions of the Classical genre of Beethoven. false The Romantic symphony cycle typically has three movements. false The first movement of a Romantic symphony is usually the most dramatic and features the use of sonata-allegro form. true The scherzo movement in nineteenth-century symphonies generally is characterized by a slow march tempo. false Romantic composers often wrote a longer last movement of a symphony to balance the first. true The Romantic symphony required a larger orchestra than that of the Classical masters. true Brahms wrote all four of his symphonies after he turned forty. true Brahmss Symphony No. 3 in F major uses none of the forms often found in late eighteenth-century symphonies. false In his Symphony No. 3, Brahms incorporates a melodic idea from the first movement into the other movements as well. true The literary basis for Verdis Rigoletto is: a play by Victor Hugo What is the historical setting for Rigoletto? an Italian court, during the Renaissance era Which is NOT a Verdi opera based on a Shakespeare play? Select one: a. Aida b. Otello c. Falstaff Aida Which Verdi opera is set in Egypt? Aida Which opera did Verdi write based on the story of the king of Babylon? Nabucco In the nineteenth century opera excerpts were marketed to domestic consumers via: four-hand piano arrangements The American debut tour of international singing sensation Jenny Lind was managed by: P. T. Barnum Il barbiere di Siviglia and Guillaume Tell by Gioachino Rossini both exhibit which style of singing? straight-tone Giuseppe Verdi is viewed as an Italian nationalist composer. true Rigoletto is an opera based on Victor Hugos novel The Hunchback of Notre Dame. false Jenny Lind was a famous nineteenth-century composer of opera. false Many Romantic composers looked to faraway lands or cultures for their opera plots. true Nineteenth-century Italian opera is characterized by the use of the bel canto style of singing. true After her husband began to flourish as a composer, Giuseppina Strepponi enjoyed continued success as an opera singer. false In the late nineteenth century France, Germany, and Italy developed distinct national styles. true Light German opera featuring spoken dialogue is called: Singspiel What did Wagner call his large-scale sung theatrical works? music drama How many music dramas make up Wagners The Ring of the Nibelung? four Which term refers to Wagners concept of a total artwork, encompassing all the arts? Gesamtkunstwerk What is the basis for the story of Die Walkà ¼re? a medieval German epic poem There are ____ Valkyries, all daughters of Wotan. nine Which best describes the character of Wotan? the father of the gods A leitmotif is: a recurring melodic theme that signifies something Which instrument precedes Wotans call to Loge? trombone Wagner had a theater built at Bayreuth specifically for the performance of his music dramas. true The role of the Valkyries was to carry fallen heroes from the battlefield to Valhalla on their winged horses. true Wagner employed a recurring theme called an idà ©e fixe in his operas. false Germany is noted for its long-established opera traditions. false While in Dresden Wagner began to choose subjects derived from Germanic tales. true In his music dramas Wagner created short arias that lent themselves to being separated from the larger work for performance at home. true From which source did Verdi select his text for his Requiem? the Roman Catholic Requiem Mass Verdis Requiem is part of which Christian tradition? Lutheran Verdis Requiem was criticized by the Church in the nineteenth century for: being excessively theatrical The Dies irae section of Verdis Requiem contains all of the following, except: Select one: a. soprano solo b. major key tonality c. full orchestral accompaniment major key tonality The Requiem aeternam section of Verdis Requiem is marked by which characteristics? a cappella performance The fully completed Requiem by Verdi was dedicated to whom? Alessandro Manzoni In the Dies irae section of his Requiem Verdi creates a sense of awesome terror through the use of which musical tools? a. both a and b b. dramatic orchestration including brass and percussion c. powerfully dramatic use of loud dynamics The nineteenth century witnessed an increasing interest in social choral-singing. true The nineteenth century was the first time, historically, where secular and sacred music on Christian practice became an issue. false Barbershop quartet music in the United States was influenced by singing traditions in nineteenth-century Europe. true Some of the major composers of choral music in the Romantic era include Fanny and Felix Mendelssohn, Verdi, and Brahms. true Verdi used the complete mass text for his Requiem false Verdis Requiem was written to commemorate the death of his mother: false The tone of Verdis Dies irae section in his Requiem is of quiet contemplitude. false The text of Verdis Requiem is derived from the Catholic tradition. true Prisoners condemned to die in Nazi concentration camps sang Verdis Requiem as an act of defiance. true Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of Impressionist music large-scale forms Some of Ravels music reflects his travels to: Spain The overall form of Debussys Prelude to The Afternoon of a Faun is best described as: sonata-allegro Which genre best describes the Prelude to The Afternoon of a Faun? symphonic poem The program for Debussys Prelude to The Afternoon of a Faun concerns: a mythological creature in a dreamlike state Which best describes the character of the opening theme of Debussys Prelude to The Afternoon of a Faun? chromatic and languorous Which melodic instrument is featured in the opening melody of Debussys Prelude to The Afternoon of a Faun? flute The whole-tone scale was a favored device of Impressionist composers. false Impressionist composers use various non-Western scale patterns in their works. true The Paris World Exposition of 1889 provided French composers the opportunity to hear various musical ensembles from around the world. true Impressionist composers often made use of a strongly accented meter. false Neoclassical artists and composers looked back to the Romantic era for inspiration. false Programmatic music continued in the Impressionist period. true Impressionist artists and composers looked to mythological themes for inspiration. true Debussy primarily utilized the sonata-allegro form in his large works. false Many composers in the early twentieth century continued to be influenced by non-Western music. true Debussy is considered to be an Impressionist composer true Debussys music rarely looks to influences from other cultures. false

Thursday, November 21, 2019

Children families and communities Community Violence and International Essay

Children families and communities Community Violence and International Conflict - Essay Example This essay reviews the violence and community and international level. Community violence exposes children to emotional and behavioural problems and perpetrates violence. Intervention to prevent vulnerability to violence improves the life chances and reduces violence in vulnerable communities. Community violence causes aggression, depression and anxiety among children in the community (Garbarino, Hammond, Mercy & Yung, 2004). Factors increasing risk for exposure to community violence Research shows stressful life events, behavioural problems and the family characteristics as some of the risk factors exposing children to community violence. 1. Living in lower socioeconomic areas The presence of socioeconomic resources exposes children to community violence and aggression. Historically, the African Americans are affected disproportionately by unemployment, poverty and exposure to community violence. African Americans, especially male youths, are affected significantly by the juvenile d iscrepancy and the gun crimes. People living in low socioeconomic areas  may be adversely affected by the community violence (Spencer, Fegley & Harpalani, 2003). 2. Being from a minority group Ethnic minority are disproportionately affected by violence. ... 3. Exposure to domestic violence Children exposed to domestic violence exhibit behavioural disorders like delinquency and aggression. Domestic violence causes mood and emotional disorders like anxiety and depression, and the posttraumatic symptoms of stress like sleep disturbances. Domestic violence such as sexual assault leads to sexual abuse in the community. A child interprets domestic and community violence as unsafe world, and the ‘unworthiness’ for protection in life. This engenders helplessness and leads to negative perceptions. The posttraumatic stress disorder exposes the child to community violence because they impair behavioural and social functioning (Voisin, 2007). 4. Parental substance abuse Substance abuse by parents expose children to unpredictable behaviours. Behaviour changes from loving to withdrawal that causes chaos in the community. Despite of the sufferings that these children go through, the parents are to blame for the substance abuse. Children f rom families that abuse drugs are under constant fear of physical violence or incest. The youngsters suffer from the post-traumatic stress, anxiety, depression and war crimes. Parental substance abuse affects the normal child development exposing youngsters to mental, physical and health problems (Sheidow, Gorman-Smith, Tolan & Henry, 2001). 5. Communities low in social capital The low social capital exposes children to community violence due to the reduction in accessibility to social resources, dysfunctional families and the overall fearful environment that substitutes the participation and cooperation in the community. Poverty and community violence is mediated through the availability of social institutions (Voisin,

Wednesday, November 20, 2019

Week 6 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 2

Week 6 - Assignment Example icle analyzes the health, governmental, institutional, and general information on the need, implementation, and capability of nursing-sensitive value-based purchasing (Kavanagh, Cimiotti, Abusalem, & Coty, 2012). The main message presented by the peer-reviewed journal article is that the adoption of value-based purchasing initiative is still low and that its successful implementation requires incorporation of nursing measures to guarantee its effectiveness. Moreover, the article shows how the NSVBP initiative can improve the quality of nursing care by financially encouraging hospitals to adopt an optimal nurse practice environment (Kavanagh, Cimiotti, Abusalem, & Coty, 2012). As a GI nurse, I use evidence-based practice to improve the financial health and patient health in my organization. Indeed, I use palliative care as evidence based intervention to identify and consult patients with gastrointestinal and liver diseases. Apparently, the palliative care controls pain control, enhances communication, prolongs quality life, and informs on more efficient resource use thus decreasing medical costs that improve financial health and patient health (Bernacki et al., 2012). I also use evidence-based practice to encourage the screening of medical records and increase awareness. This facilitates access to complete and accurate information that enhances my potential to diagnose diseases and curb medical errors thus promoting patient health in my organization (Health IT, 2014). Through evidence-based practice, I identify patients with digestive system problems and advise them on how to manage their symptoms in their daily life thus improving their financial health. Bernacki, R. E., Ko, D. N., Higgins, P., Whitlock, S., Cullinan, A., Wilson, R.,†¦Billings, A. (2012). Improving Access to Palliative Care through an Innovative Quality Improvement Initiative: An Opportunity for Pay-for-Performance. Journal of palliative medicine, 15 (2),

Monday, November 18, 2019

QWE Case Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

QWE Case - Assignment Example A program should be developed to dispose of the products without them affecting animals due to the plants that absorb them and are fodder for animals. The study used the strategy of putting forth questions to the respective samples and analyzing the answers to draw conclusions on the various PPCPs (Boxal, 2012). The use of critical questions was crucial in getting main points, and the study came up with a list of the final questions. The criteria for choosing the questions involved the focus on relative risk, antibiotic resistance, effects characterization among many others. The key question strategy was used to determine the potential harmful effects of PPCPs on the environment and humans especially their detection and they are spread throughout the environment. The approach used was the key question approach. The criteria of coming up with the twenty questions were crucial and used prioritization among other factors. Since the PPCPs have extensive use throughout the world, the questions would not be hard to formulate. The questions on the PPCPs took into consideration various areas in the environment and effects of the chemicals contained in them to the environment and the animals. The questions were of either low rank or high status. The high-rank questions for the study were twenty in total. Almost everyone has knowledge on the PPCPs. The spread of the PPCPS is quite significant since most of the PPCPS elements are present in sewage, ground and surface water. The questions were ranked according to the various stressors on the environment, humans, and animals. All questions were necessary, and the top ranked questions drew a lot from the other lower ranked issues. The questions covered detection, effects and exposure of PPCPs in the envir onment. Stanford et al., (2010) notes that the focus on pharmaceuticals and hormones does not have the needed

Saturday, November 16, 2019

Open Loop Control Method For Conveyor Belt Transmission Engineering Essay

Open Loop Control Method For Conveyor Belt Transmission Engineering Essay Before the advent of modern automation techniques, factory workers often had to travel from project to project. The cumulative effect of all this physical motion was additional stress and inefficient use of the workers time. The development of conveyor belts allowed the project to come to the worker, instead of the worker to the project. Parts could then be transported by other conveyor belts to additional workers, and eventually to the shipping docks for delivery. Many conveyor belts work on the principle of variable speed control. If a particular belt moves too slowly, workers may find themselves waiting for parts. If a conveyor belt moves too quickly, parts may be damaged or workers may become overwhelmed. Much of a factory supervisors time is spent adjusting conveyor belts for maximum efficiency. This is especially important in food production factories, where conveyor belt speed and proper cooking time work hand in hand. Project objectives Modeling of a open-loop control method for conveyor belt transmission Modeling of a close-loop speed control method for conveyor belt transmission Research on the performance comparison for variable mass material input 1.2 Organization of thesis Chapter 2: This chapter thoroughly introduce what conveyor transmission system is and provides a brief history about it. Six categories of typical conveyor transmission system have been introduced. It also explains the sources and types of breakdowns in conveyor belt, as well as the effect of those breakdowns cause in the transmission line. Then, this chapter also discusses about the importance to have speed control for the conveyor belt transmission system. Chapter 3: This chapter mainly focus on different types of motors. It specifically explains about the AC asynchronous motor which is the most widely used in heavy industry. The different speed control methods of AC asynchronous motors have been compared in several aspects. Chapter 4: In this chapter, PID controller is discussed in details for process control, including its definition, history, applications, tuning method and implementation. Unlike other kinds of papers concerning PID control approach, the weakness and bad behaviour were brought about as well so that an objective picture of PID method could be completed. Chapter 5: At the outset, this chapter gives some key modeling process, and then provides the complete models for simulation both of open-loop control and close-loop speed control. With these models, simulation results can be get to make some comparisons. The close-loop results show the performance of different controller parameters on the transmission system with a variable mass material input on several discrete speed value, corresponding to the open-loop curves those seem not to be quite good. Chapter 6: This chapter summarizes discussion and conclusion about the performance of speed control on the transmission system, and then gives out some recommendations and future works that can be done in speed control for conveyor belt transmission system. 2.0 CONVEYOR BELT TRANSMISSION SYSTEM Conveyor belts are generally endless loops which move parts or materials from one location to another. Conveyor belts are often driven by variable speed electric motors or by other moving parts in a complex system. They are commonly found in factories, grocery stores, warehouses and public transportation centers. Further refinement of conveyor belts allowed factory managers to create automated or semi-automated production lines. Individual parts could be moved through automated machinery for routine processing, leaving workers free for quality control tasks or other higher responsibilities. Conveyor belts also proved useful for transporting heavy or hazardous products, reducing worker injuries. The use of conveyor belts is not restricted to factories. Bakeries and pizza shops often use a slow-moving wire conveyor belt to move their products through an oven. Grocery stores use conveyor belts in their check-out lines to bring items to the clerk and bagger. Airports and other public transportation systems use conveyor belts to deliver checked baggage to customers. Warehouses use long conveyor belts to offload products from incoming trucks or to load outgoing ones. Escalators found in department stores could also be considered conveyor belts, as are people movers in larger airports. 2.1 History Primitive conveyor belts were used since the 19th century. In 1892, Thomas Robins began a series of inventions which led to the development of a conveyor belt used for carrying coal, ores and other products.[6] In 1901, Sandvik invented and started the production of steel conveyor belts. In 1905 Richard Sutcliffe invented the first conveyor belts for use in coal mines which revolutionized the mining industry. In 1913, Henry Ford introduced conveyor-belt assembly lines at Ford Motor Companys Highland Park, Michigan factory.[7] In 1972, the French society REI created in New Caledonia the then longest straight-belt conveyor in the world, at a length of 13.8 km. Hyacynthe Marcel Bocchetti was the concept designer. In 1957, the B. F. Goodrich Company patented a conveyor belt that it went on to produce as the Turnover Conveyor Belt System. Incorporating a half-twist, it had the advantage over conventional belts of a longer life because it could expose all of its surface area to wear and te ar.Mà ¶bius strip belts are no longer manufactured because untwisted modern belts can be made more durable by constructing them from several layers of different materials.[8]. In 1970, Intralox, a Louisiana based company, registered the first patent for all plastic, modular belting. In 1963-64, First Indian Small Scale Industrial Unit with Japanese Plant for Rubber Belts for Conveyor / Elevator / Transmission was installed near National Capital Territory of Delhi and its MrBelts Conveyor Belting has been widely used in Steel, Cement, Fertilizer, Thermal Power, Sponge Iron Plants and Coal/Mineral establishments, Port Trusts and similar material handling applications of Industry for the last over 4 decades 2.2 Types of Conveyor System 2.2.1 Wheel Conveyor System A wheel conveyor systems setup consists of skate wheels that are mounted on an axle placed in a row. Depending on the weight of the material being transported, adjustment of both the wheel spacing and the slope for load movement is provided. Being simpler in construction, the system is flexible, scalable and more economical with light-duty applications as compared to a roller conveyor system. 2.2.2 Roller Conveyor System A roller conveyor system has two variants, but both utilize a minimum of three rollers that provide support to the smallest load all the time. Then there are tapered rollers that orient the load around a curved path. The gravity-type system is alternative to the wheel conveyor system that is used for heavy-duty applications. It utilizes a slope for load movement to facilitate the accumulation process. The powered variant utilizes a belt or chain drive for force-sensitive power transmission useful in merging and/or sorting applications. 2.2.3 Chain Conveyor System A chain conveyor system has one or more endless chains that directly carry the load. These chains are placed in a parallel chain manner that can be used in transporting pallets. One variant is the vertical chain conveyor that is used for transferring loads continuously in a vertical direction at high speeds. 2.2.4 Slat Conveyor System A slat conveyor system uses slats placed at discrete positions, and these slats are connected to a chain. Through drives that control orientation and positioning of the load, the transported unit is able to retain its position while being conveyed. The system is used in applications transporting heavy loads that might otherwise damage the belt as in bottling and canning plants. 2.2.5 Vibrating Conveyor System In vibrating conveyor systems, the main component is an elongated load-carrying structure called a trough, bed or tube, based on the application it is used for. A vibrating mechanism produces small amplitude vibrations at a high frequency. This conveys the individual product units and bulk materials. Due to its unique operational manner, it can be used to transport almost all kinds of granular as well as free-flowing materials. 2.2.6 Pneumatic Conveyor System A pneumatic conveyor system uses pipes or ducts known as transportation lines. These ducts carry material mixture along with an air stream. The load gets transported to various locations through pipe lines propelled by the high velocity air streams. 2.3 Components and Breakdowns The belt conveyor system (BCS) consists of (fig. 3): à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ drive unit (electric motor, coupling multistage gearbox), à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ pulleys (drive pulley and other), à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ belts (textile or with steel cords) with their joints, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ idlers, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ other (belt cleaning systems, control system, etc.) Fig 2.3.1 Belt conveyor transmission system components In this section we will consider the type of faults that may appear in belt conveyor systems with reference to conveyor component s. The drive unit consist of electric motor, damping coupling, two or three stage gear-box and coupling that connect output shaft with pulley (fig. 8). A crucial object in this subsystem is gearbox. According to Matuszewski [5] in a considered lignite open cast mine even 14% of gearboxes may be replaced each year due to unexpected failures. These failures are related to the geared wheel wear or damages (broken tooth) and bearings (mainly over limit backlash due to environmental impact, also typical failures like outer/inner race, rolling element). The mining pulley consist of two bearings, shaft, shell and coating (special material in order to improve belt-pulley contact). The most frequent failures for pulleys are: bearings and shells. For gearboxes number of failures related to geared wheels is 50%. Other critical failure is the damage of input shafts (probably because of overloading) . It may be surprising that bearing faults are not so frequent in gearboxes. The failure analysis of idlers and belts are a bit different issue [7, 8, 11]. Idlers are used for supporting belts with transported materials. In some sense, idlers are similar to pulleys and consist of bearings and shells. One may expect similar types of failures. The support system for belt consists of three idlers. Because of different load for each idler usually side idlers are more subjected to damage. It needs to be added that in CM context of idlers change of condition is not the only one. Worn bearings in idlers will significantly increase external load for drive units so power consumption will increase. Damaged idlers and pulleys may be the reason of damage for belts. Depends on application, belts used in conveyor systems may be divided into two groups: textile belts and steel cords belts. In underground mines usually the textile belts are used. In lignite mines both types may be applied. Expected problems for belts are related to belt (tear, puncture, cut of belt and abrasion of bottom/top covers) and its joints (connected using glue, vulcanized or mechanical joint) [10, 11]. Because of dimension and weight of a belt it needs to be transported in rolls, pieces up to 100-400 m long, depends on a belt type. In order to replace damaged a gearbox or pulley heavy machinery is required. In some cases due to environmental impact (for example rain) it takes a few times longer time. If one consider the impact of damaged idlers it is another story. The idlers are quite small in comparison to pulleys; however, number of idlers is huge. Damaged idlers may cause failure of belt (the cut of a belt) or even may start fire (belt slipping on damaged idler may increase temperature up to 400 °C, 450 °C is the limit for so called difficult-to-burn belt) and as it was mentioned energy consumption is arising dramatically. Any of mentioned failure generates cost of breakdown of machines working in series. It as to be mentioned that a conveyor system, that with random material to be transferred the smoothness and stability of the conveyor belt transmisssion system should be guaranteed to extend all the components lifetime. 2.4 Significance of Research The belt conveyor is one of key components for most of manufacturing systems. Intelligent control of the conveyor leads to the feasibility of a Flexible Manufacturing System (FMS). For most of the assembly lines in manufacturing systems, different processing works applied to products mainly come from workers who is sitting along the conveyor. The products are conveyed by the belt conveyor from one working area to the next. If the average number of products entering one working area is greater than the average number leaving that area, the manufacturing process stagnates. It means that conveying speed is too fast so that more products are conveyed to workers in that working area than the quantity they can handle. Therefore, the conveying speed of belt conveyor needs to be adaptively changed based on the stagnation condition at each working area. On the other hand, if the defective rate of products monitored at outlet of conveyor is too large even though no stagnation has occurred at e ach working area, the conveyor still needs to be adaptively slowed down so that workers have more time to give their processing works with more cares In the long run, maximum number of manufactured products conveyed to the outlet of conveyor is hoped to be achieved if the speed of belt conveyor can be intelligently controlled Since the conveyor is driven by a servo motor, adaptive control algorithm can be designed to control the motor speed based on stagnation conditions at working areas or the defective rate monitored at the conveyor outlet. In addition, belt conveyor is one of main electromechanical systems in heavy industry, especially in the coal transport system, its safe operation plays an important role in the whole coal output systems.Safety is an important aspect in our life, and coal mine still is a high-risk industry in the world. As one of main components in the coal transport system, the safe operation of belt conveyor plays an important role in the whole coal output systems. As the belt conveyors get longer, quicker and bulkier, it is often occurred that the belt rupture, coal vibration, belt slip on the drive pulley, uncontrolled running of the belt conveyor, belt fire and other safety accidents, which bring huge economical losses and threat miner life. In order to insure the miner safety and the normal production, it is significant to carry on safety investigation of the belt conveyor. Higher productivity and reliability are common goals for conveyor systems in mining operations. Key objectives include opt imized mass flows, reduced energy costs and a well-coordinated workflow between the conveying and transport processes.And the key to this problem is to make sure that the transmission system should be operating at a smooth and steady speed. In a word, the steady speed of the conveyor belt transmission system is vitally important.[wiki] 3.0 MOTORS FOR CONVEYOR 3.1 General Motors An electric motor is an electromechanical device that converts electrical energy into mechanical energy.Electric motors are found in applications as diverse as industrial fans, blowers and pumps, machine tools, household appliances, power tools, and disk drives. Electric motors may be classified by the source of electric power, by their internal construction, by their application, or by the type of motion they give. 3.1 Conveyor Motor Types For a conveyor transmission system, the drive unit develops with time. And the motors still using in this era come to the 4 main types: brushed DC motor; brushed DC motor; . The working mechanism of the 4 kinds are discussed as well as their merits and drawbacks. 3.2.1 Brushed DC motors A brushed DC motor has a set of rotating windings wound on an armature mounted on a rotating shaft. The shaft also carries the commutatora long-lasting rotary electrical switch that periodically reverses the flow of current in the rotor windings as the shaft rotates. The magnets field produced by the armature interacts with a stationary magnetic field produced by either permanent magnets or another winding a field coil, as part of the motor frame. The force between the two magnetic fields tends to rotate the motor shaft. Many of the limitations of the classic commutator DC motor are due to the need for brushes to press against the commutator. This creates friction. Sparks are created by the brushes making and breaking circuits through the rotor coils as the brushes cross the insulating gaps between commutator sections. Depending on the commutator design, this may include the brushes shorting together adjacent sections and hence coil ends momentarily while crossing the gaps. Furthermore, the inductance of the rotor coils causes the voltage across each to rise when its circuit is opened, increasing the sparking of the brushes. This sparking limits the maximum speed of the machine, as too-rapid sparking will overheat, erode, or even melt the commutator. The current density per unit area of the brushes, in combination with their resistivity, limits the output of the motor. The making and breaking of electric contact also generates electrical noise; sparking generates RFI. Brushes eventually wear out an d require replacement, and the commutator itself is subject to wear and maintenance (on larger motors) or replacement (on small motors). The commutator assembly on a large motor is a costly element, requiring precision assembly of many parts. On small motors, the commutator is usually permanently integrated into the rotor, so replacing it usually requires replacing the whole rotor. Therefore, DC motor brush design entails a trade-off between output power, speed, and efficiency/wear. 3.2.2 brushed DC motor In this motor, the mechanical rotating switch or commutator/brush gear assembly is replaced by an external electronic switch synchronized to the rotors position. Brushless motors are typically 85-90% efficient or more whereas DC motors with brush are typically 75-80% efficient. Brushless DC motors are commonly used where precise speed control is necessary. They have several advantages over conventional motors:they are very efficient, running much cooler than the other equivalent motors; without a commutator to wear out, the life of a DC brushless motor can be significantly longer compared to a DC motor using brushes and a commutator; brushless motors have no chance of sparking, unlike brushed motors, making them better suited to environments with volatile chemicals and fuels. Also, sparking generates ozone which can accumulate in poorly ventilated buildings risking harm to occupants health. Modern DC brushless motors range in power from a fraction of a watt to many kilowatts. Larger brushless motors up to about 100 kW rating are used in electric vehicles. There are numerous applications using a Brush DC Motor that could instead utilize the Brushless DC Motor. However a few factors might prevent the changeover. The first factor is start-up cost. Although the Brushless DC Motor is lower-maintenance than the Brush DC Motor, initial cost is more expensive, due to its advantageous construction. Second is complexity. A controller is required in order to operate a Brushless DC Motor, and is usually more convoluted than most controllers. A Brushless DC Motor also requires additional system wiring, in order to power the electronic commutation circuitry. 3.2.3 asynchronous AC motor An asynchronous AC motor is an induction motor where power is transferred to the rotor by electromagnetic induction, much like transformer action. . Polyphase induction motors are widely used in industry.The simple design of AC motor is simply a series of three windings in the exterior (stator) section with a simple rotating section (rotor). The changing field caused by the 50 or 60 Hertz AC line voltage causes the rotor to rotate around the axis of the ac motor. The AC motor has the advantage of being the lowest cost motor for applications which require more than about 1/2 hp (325 watts) of power. This is due to the simple design of ac motor. Meanwhile, the simple design of the AC motor results in extremely reliable, low maintenance operation. Unlike the DC motor, there are no brushes to replace for ac motors. If run in the appropriate environment for its enclosure, AC motor can expect to need new bearings after several years of operation. In fact if the application is well designed , an AC motor may not need new bearings for more than a decade. Although the most common and simple industrial motor is the three phase AC induction motor, there are still disadvantages of ac motor. Expensive speed control The electronics required to handle an AC inverter drive are considerably more expensive than those required to handle a DC motor. However, if performance requirements can be met meaning that the required speed range is over 1/3rd of base speed AC inverters and AC motors are usually more cost-effective than DC motors and DC drives for applications larger than about 10 horsepower, because of cost savings in the AC motor. Inability to operate at low speeds Standard AC motors should not be operated at speeds less than about 1/3rd of base speed. This is due to thermal considerations. In fact a DC motor should be considered for these applications. Poor positioning control Positioning control is also expensive and crude. Even a vector drive is very crude when controlling a standard AC motor. Servo motors are more appropriate for these applications. 3.2.4 Synchronous Electric Motor A synchronous electric motor is an AC motor distinguished by a rotor spinning with coils passing magnets at the same rate as the alternating current and resulting magnetic field which drives it. Another way of saying this is that it has zero slip under usual operating conditions. Contrast this with an induction motor, which must slip to produce torque. These motors can be made to operate at leading power factor and thereby improve the pf of an industrial plant from one that is normally lagging to one that is close to unity. And the key feature of a synchronous AC motor is it operates at a constant speed, irrespective of load, from no-load to full load. As well, electromagnetic power varies linearly with the applied voltage. These motors can be constructed with wider air gapes than induction motors making them mechanically better.Whats more, efficiency of operation is usually high, especially in the low speed and unity power factor ranges. However, the disadvantages are also quite obvious. These motors cannot be used for variable speed jobs as there is no possibility of speed adjustment. And it requires external source for supplying dc excitation, cannot be started under load, the starting torque being zero, may fall out of synchronism and stop when over-loaded and so on. In addition, for some applications these motors are not desirable as for driving shafts in small work-shops having no power available for starting and in cases where frequent starting or strong starting torque is required. 3.3 AC Motor for Conveyor Through the comparisons above, transmission system with AC motors are simple to make and can be reliable.And for the low cost, AC motors are overwhelmingly preferred for fixed speed applications in our industrial applications and for commercial and domestic applications where AC line power can be easily attached. In fact over 90% of all motors are AC induction motors. AC induction motors are found in air conditioners, washers, dryers, industrial machinery, fans, blowers, vacuum cleaners, and many, many other applications. Using an AC drive for conveyor control allows the speed to be adjusted to changing needs. A partly loaded conveyor with a higher speed than necessary wastes energy and causes unnecessary wear. In controlling conveyors, AC drives also improve process control by enabling the collection of measurement and supervision information. The soft start of the conveyor with AC drives reduces the stress on gearboxes when the conveyor is started. This paper mainly deals with the AC asynchronous motors, because for industry like coal mine, the asynchronous ones are the mainstream with many successful applications.In the design of the induction motor, operational characteristics can be determined through a series of calculations. Performing these calculations can help the engineer provide a motor that is best suited to a particular application. 3.3.1 SYNCHRONOUS SPEED The speed with which the stator magnetic field rotates, which will determine the speed of the rotor, is called the Synchronous Speed (SS). The SS is a function of the frequency of the power source and the number of poles (pole pairs) in the motor. The relationship to calculate the SS of an induction motor is: Where: SS = Synchronous Speed (RPM) f = frequency (cycles / second) = 60 P = number of poles (pole pairs) 3.3.2 MOTOR SLIP The rotor in an induction motor can not turn at the synchronous speed. In order to induce an EMF in the rotor, the rotor must move slower than the SS. If the rotor were to somehow turn at SS, the EMF could not be induced in the rotor and therefore the rotor would stop. However, if the rotor stopped or even if it slowed significantly, an EMF would once again be induced in the rotor bars and it would begin rotating at a speed less than the SS. The relationship between the rotor speed and the SS is called the Slip. Typically, the Slip is expressed as a percentage of the SS. The equation for the motor Slip is: Where: %S = Percent Slip SS = Synchronous Speed (RPM) RS = Rotor Speed (RPM) 3.3.3 EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT To analyze the operating and performance characteristics of an induction motor, an Equivalent Circuit can be drawn. We will consider a 3-phase, Y connected machine, the Equivalent Circuit for the stator is as shown below: Fig 3.3.1 Equivalent Circuit Where: V1 = Stator Terminal Voltage I1 = Stator Current R1 = Stator Effective Resistance X1 = Stator Leakage Reactance Z1 = Stator Impedance (R1 + jX1) IX = Exciting Current (this is comprised of the core loss component = Ig, and a magnetizing current = Ib) E2 = Counter EMF (generated by the air gap flux) 3.4 Speed Control of AC Asynchronous Motor With respect to the use of AC asynchronous motor, when used with a load that has a torque curve that increases with speed, the motor will operate at the speed where the torque developed by the motor is equal to the load torque. Reducing the load will cause the motor to speed up, and increasing the load will cause the motor to slow down until the load and motor torque are equal. Operated in this manner, the slip losses are dissipated in the secondary resistors and can be very significant. So the speed control of an AC asynchronous motor in the industry world is quite important. From Equ.1 we can get the speed torque characteristic of the machine as Fig. 3.3.2. The curve is rather steep and goes from zero torque at synchronous speed to the stall torque at a value of %S. Normally Slip may be such that stall torque is about three times that of the rated operating torque of the machine, and hence may be about 0.3 or less. This means that in the entire loading range of the machine, the speed change is quite small. The machine speed is quite stiff with respect to load changes. The entire speed variation is only in the range SS to (1à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢%S)SS, SS being dependent on supply frequency and number of poles. Fig 3.3.2 Relationship between torque and speed of induction motor The coming discussion shows that the several speed control methods for induction machine, when operating from mains is essentially a constant speed machine. Many industrial drives, typically for conveyor in a belt transmission system, have typically constant speed requirements and hence the induction machine is ideally suited for these. However,the induction machine, especially the squirrel cage type, is quite rugged and has a simple construction. Therefore it is good candidate for variable speed applications if it can be achieved. 3.4.1 Applied voltage control One may note that if the applied voltage is reduced, the voltage across the magnetizing branch also comes down. This in turn means that the magnetizing current and hence flux level are reduced. Reduction in the flux level in the machine impairs torque production. If, however, the machine is running under lightly loaded conditions, then operating under rated flux levels is not required. Under such conditions, reduction in magnetizing current improves the power factor of operation. Some amount of energy saving may also be achieved.Voltage control may be achieved by adding series resistors (a lossy, inefficient proposition),or a series inductor/autotransformer (a bulky solution) ora more modern solution using semiconductor devices. A typical solid state circuit used for this purpose is the AC voltage controller or AC chopper. Another use of voltage control is in the so-called soft-start of the machine. 3.4.2 Rotor resistance control Clearly, the rotator speed is dependent on the rotor resistance. Further, the maximum value is independent of the rotor resistance. The slip at maximum torque is dependent on the rotor resistance. Therefore, we may expect that if the rotor resistance is changed, the maximum torque point shifts to higher slip values, while retaining a constant torque. Note that while the maximum torque and synchronous speed remain constant, the slip at which maximum torque occurs increases with increase in rotor resistance, and so does the starting torque. whether the load is of constant torque type or fan-type, it is evident that the speed control range is more with this method. Further, rotor resistance control could also be used as a means of generating high starting torque.For all its advantages, the scheme has two serious drawbacks. Firstly, in order to vary the rotor resistance, it is necessary to connect external variable resistors (winding resistance itself cannot be changed). This, therefore necessitates a slip-ring machine, since only in that case rotor terminals are available outside. For cage rotor machines, there are no rotor terminals. Secondly, the method is not very efficient since the additional resistance and operation at high slips entails dissipation.The resistors connected to the slip-ring brushes should have good power dissip ation capability. 3.4.3 Cascade control The power drawn from the rotor terminals could be spent more usefully. Apart from using the heat generated in meaning full ways, the slip ring output could be connected to another induction machine. The stator of the second machine would carry slip frequency currents of the first machine which would generate some useful mechanical power. A still better option would be to mechanically couple the shafts of the two machines together. This sort of a connection is called cascade connection and it gives some measure of speed control as shown below. Let the frequency of supply given to the first machine be f1, its number poles b

Wednesday, November 13, 2019

Bush donate a buck to the Africa :: essays research papers

AIDS IN AFRICA: Mission Control - Pres. Bush's plan to triple US spending on fighting AIDS in Africa President Bush's new $15 billion AIDS-fighting initiative for Africa will triple U.S. spending on the crisis. It is a "work of mercy," says Bush-a mission-one undertaken by a "blessed country" that recognizes its moral responsibility to help the wretched of the earth. It's no surprise that Bush speaks of the plan in the language of religious mission. He himself is a believer, and his decision to commit massive resources to the African catastrophe reportedly was influenced by his meeting with evangelical Christian leaders. We applaud the president's tender heart for suffering Africans, but we hope he keeps a hard, clear head as the program is implemented-and that he stays in close touch with those evangelicals. As our Rod Dreher reported in NR's last issue, experts have had solid evidence for at least a decade that the only effective way to arrest the HIV infection rate in Africa is with an education program emphasizing abstinence and fidelity, with condoms as a safety net should the first two strategies fail. Uganda, almost alone among African nations, tried this approach, working closely with religious groups preaching traditional morality. Most other African nations followed the condoms-only advice of Western experts. Result: HIV infection rates peaked in Uganda in the early 1990s, while the crisis in the rest of Africa raged out of control. Behavioral change is the only thing shown to have worked to bring down HIV infections in Africa. Yet this is the strategy that the vast majority of the Western AIDS establishment-doctors, scientists, public-health bureaucrats, donor organizations, activists-resists with all its might, in large part because it sees this approach as "moralizing." If the president wishes to avoid throwing good money after bad, these experts must not be allowed to continue excluding proven behavior-change strategies from their AIDS-fighting arsenal. Fully half the budget of the new program will go to pay for anti-retroviral drug therapy for those already suffering from AIDS, which would reduce their infectiousness. This is needed, as are the monies set aside for other medical interventions. (We trust, however, that the administration will work to make sure that any legislation precludes the possibility that AIDS funding will be diverted to the promotion of abortion.

Monday, November 11, 2019

Philosophy Meaning Essay

PHILOSOPHY greek meaning â€Å"love of wisdom†, encompassed the love of all wisdom, but only in recent centuries came to refer to a special branch of enquiry, separate from other sciences, such as â€Å"natural philosophy†. * is universally defined as â€Å"the study of the wisdom or knowledge about the general problems, facts, and situations connected with human existence, values, reasons, and general reality. † It seeks reasons, answers, and general explanations to life and its factors. Thus, if we talk about philosophy, we talk about a school of thoughts. â€Å"philosophers† which makes a profession of studying things in their separation from human life and practice. The main branches of Philosophy are Logic, Epistemology, Metaphysics and Ethics. Western philosophy is referred to as the school of thought from Greek philosophy that influenced the greater part of Western civilization. * takes its roots from Rome and Christianity, specifically Judeo-Christianity. * Latin * Rational, Scientific, Logical schools. Western civilization is more individualistic, trying to find the meaning of life here and now with self at the center as it is already given and part of the divine. Eastern philosophy is based mainly in Asia, more specifically the Chinese philosophy. * Confucianism, Mahayana Buddhism, and Taoism. Chinese. Hinduism, Integral Yoga, Islam, Zen * Relationship with religion; Integration Search for absolute truth: * Systemic approach – all events in the universe are interconnected * Searching inside yourself – by becoming a part of the universe through meditation and right living. Eastern philosophy is drawn much more into groups or society or people’s actions and thoughts as one in order to find meaning in life as they try to get rid of the false â€Å"me† concept and find meaning in discovering the true â€Å"me† in relation to everything around them, or as part of a bigger scheme. Summary: * Western philosophy is mainly used in the Western parts of the world, such as in the European countries, while the Eastern philosophy is prevalent in Asian countries. * Both philosophies center on virtues. * West’s Individualism ( and the East’s Collectivism (A human being is an integral part of the universe and the society. People are fundamentally connected. Duty towards all others is a very important matter. Collectivism is stronger. ) * Eastern philosophy takes more of a spiritual approach while Western philosophy is more hands-on. The Ionian Philosophers * comes from Aristotle; first source to attempt systematic exposition of their doctrines. Thales * Prediction of the eclipse, and other astronomical activities. * Prediction of solstices * Mathematical discoveries (geometry ) * Cosmology * Natural phenomena – including the heavens – could be discussed as processes governed by natural laws. * Believed that the Earth was a large (? at) disk ? oating on an in? nite ocean of water, and that earthquakes resulted from disturbances in this ocean that shook and cracked the Earth. * concept of â€Å"unity underlying diversity† – some fundamental principles tying together all the multitude of things we see on Earth * water was the fundamental element from which all things were derived. Anaximander * Zoogony and anthropogony * thought the Universe formed out of an in? nite chaos he called the â€Å"boundless† due to a â€Å"separating out† of opposites (such as hot and cold, wet and dry). * ? rst recorded attempt to model the Universe. (the Earth was a cylinder and that the Sun, Moon and stars were all located on concentric cylinders, or hoops, rotating about the Earth. ) Anaximenes * one ruling material principle is air; imperceptible. * Air was the fundamental material of all things. * ? rst attempt to explain the diversity of the world with qualitative differences in terms of quantitative differences. Babylonians and Egyptians were excellent at mathematics. Greeks began to move away from their mythical view of the world and started to seek explanations of natural phenomena; later called science. * All questioned the origin of the Universe, what was here in the beginning, and what things are made from. They all believed that material substance (rather than some spiritual or supernatural substance; thus the name materialists) made up the Universe. In other words, matter is the only substance, and reality is identical with the actually occurring states of energy and matter. * ‘physicalism’. to distance oneself from what seems a historically important but no longer scientifically relevant thesis of materialism.

Friday, November 8, 2019

The eNotes Blog eNotes Student of Change Amena Mian, and the Fashionably ConsciousNGO

Student of Change Amena Mian, and the Fashionably ConsciousNGO I dreamt up Project Sina in college and always thought that I would pursue the endeavor later on in my career. I guess there is a perception that one has to be of a certain age and have collected a number of accolades before doing something entrepreneurial Frustrated by a narrow job market, I was compelled to create my own opportunities regardless of who or what entity deemed me qualified.  - Amena Mian In our new blog series, we’re interviewing students and recent graduates who have taken their studies and done something profound with them. Some are doing great work at home, while others have traveled to far off destinations to help communities in need. Whatever path they’ve chosen, these inspirational Students of Change prove that being young and recently graduated are never hindrances to doing what you want to do. Amena Mian  is a graduate of UC Davis, with a degree in Global Community Development. She has an extensive amount of experience working for mission-driven nonprofits both in the US and South Asia  and she was  selected as a Fellow for the IDEX Fellowship in Social Enterpise 12-13. Her non-profit fashion label Project Sina is generating opportunity for women through a stitch, employing Pakistani artisans to create beautiful, hand-crafted clothing and repaying them with fair wages and education.   Amenas  efforts to promote literacy and equality for South Asian women make her our hero and this weeks Student of Change. Read on to learn more about her and her co-founders noble cause! Tell us a little bit about your NGO, Project Sina. What inspired it and what does it do for women in Pakistan? Project Sina is an ethical fashion brand based in Karachi, Pakistan that strives to provide its employees with a fair wage and educational programming for their hand embroidered shirts. Growing up in a Pakistani-American household, I was surrounded by traditional garments and always wondered why I couldn’t find the same beautiful Eastern detail on modern, Western silhouettes.  Pakistan’s culture is very much artisan driven, whereby ready made clothing is a novelty and most individuals are their own fashion designers. They choose their own fabric, trim, and have their own tailors. Yet, after studying abroad in Delhi, I  came to realize that the majority of artisans creating this beautiful hand embroidery, almost all of them women, live  well below the poverty line. Furthermore,  Pakistani women, although arguably the most underprivileged group, show the most potential in terms of their very specialized skills. So, starting Project Sina my aims were to fill both the gap for South Asian-inspired garments in the fashion market as well as the need for womens advocacy in Pakistan. Project Sinas philosophy is simple: although underprivileged, the women we work with are never without potential. All they need is the right footing in the global marketplace and a venue for sales, and thats where we come in. Having studied community development, I found that most development projects abroad only seemed to highlight what communities were lacking. Project Sina instead strives to highlight the talents and acute skills of women in Pakistan. Doing that, were able to bring their products  to the world, rewarding them at the rate  they deserve for their work. A Project Sina artisan holds up her entry to one of the charitys design competitions Starting an NGO seems like an impossible task to most people. Can you talk us through how you turned this dream into a reality? I dreamt up Project Sina in college and always thought that I would pursue the endeavor later on in my career. I guess there is a perception that one has to be of a certain age and have collected a number of accolades before doing something entrepreneurial. However, lucky me, I graduated in 2011!  Frustrated by a narrow job market, I was compelled to create my own opportunities regardless of who or what entity deemed me qualified. Immediately after graduating, I was also fortunate enough to re-connect with an old friend, Anum, who had similar project ideas of making beautifully embroidered garments that would help lift women out of poverty in Pakistan. It was through this re-kindled connection that the stars aligned in a way. Obsessed with this idea, Anum and I put our heads together and began chipping away at our business plan. It took about a year for us to build up our network and get people excited about Project Sina. By way of Indiegogo, we were finally able to raise enough money to start  operations and create our initial inventory. What are some of the most valuable things youve learned along this journey? One of the most valuable lessons I’ve learned through starting up is that authenticity goes a long way. It is those individuals who I have genuine connections with and people who are really excited about creating greater opportunity for women in Pakistan that have been most instrumental in giving this project wings. So I guess you can say being open and honest about project challenges and opportunities is something I consider a best practice now instead of constantly trying to sell or solicit. What advice can you give the students that use about pursuing their dreams? The best advice I can give other eNoters with any kind of dream or entrepreneurial idea – stay consistent! Excellence is a habit, not a trait. Turning your vision from dream to reality does indeed require a lot of planning and work. I of all people know how difficult it can be to work on your skill or project in between a hectic work or school schedule. But if you stay consistent about it and don’t give up hope, good things will come. You never know who or what opportunity can be around the corner, you just need to keep putting that energy out into the universe. Sound advice! So, where do you see Project Sina in  the future? We have come quite far. Up to this point we’ve worked with about 30 women who receive a fair wage and are now some of the first literate females in their family. But Project Sina certainly has a long way to go in terms of expanding the number of women we reach and developing our product. We’ve definitely had a good run in terms of piloting operations in Pakistan and seeing how the market has reacted to our concept and product. The  next step were currently working on is developing a new inventory of tops on high quality fabrics. Within the next 2 years, I hope that Project Sina is able to really carve out a niche within the ethical fashion space, becoming a brand that is known for both our distinct aesthetic as well as the impact we make in the lives of women in Pakistan. Within the next 5 years, through the brands own success, I hope to prove to the larger fashion industry that you can indeed be profitable and create positive social change at the same time, rather than one at the cost of the other. By that 5 year point, I would like to expand operations into other countries, turning Project Sina into a truly global movement. Everyday eNoter Questions: The Everyday eNoter’s bookshelf is always full, what’s your current favorite read? I am currently reading Maximum City: Bombay Lost and Found. I lived in Bombay for a bit and felt that there was a profound complexity to the city that I never understood. The author Suketa Mehta, walks you through the dark underworld that you always knew existed but never had a tour guide for. What’s the best advice you’ve ever received from a professor or teacher? I wouldn’t say advice, but I certainly had a very special Hindi Professor at UC Davis that appreciated my quirky personality and big mouth (few professors do). If it weren’t for him and that class, I probably would have never ended up India or started Project Sina. If you could change one thing about the education system, what would it be? Why? Tough Question! For starters, I would somehow try to reform the structural inequalities that exist in the education system, whereby those that are the right race and are privileged enough to go to a good school tend to stay in school and go to good universities. It breaks my heart when I look at a child and know that for the most part, a bright future has been robbed from them simply because of their race and the neighborhood they live in. I’m also really into the concept of child-centered learning, whereby a child’s curiousity guides their curriculum – whereby we highlight their talents as opposed to negatively conditioning them and reinforcing what they aren’t good at. Looking back, what advice would you give your freshman self? I would have talked to my professors more! They are usually great resources if you actually talk to them like normal human beings and utilize office hours. What’s your go-to music/soundtrack for homework or writing? Right now I am listening to a lot of electronic music. Disclosure in particular. I’d like to think that I can still party when working. Where to find Project Sina: Follow the below links to find out more about Amenas project and support the cause. Projectsina.com Project Sinas Online Store Project Sina on Facebook

Wednesday, November 6, 2019

European Alliances essays

European Alliances essays The alliance system, which was started by Bismark, helped keep the peace throughout Europe. Although the reason it was started was to keep Germany from ever having to fight a war on two fronts (France and Russia). So Germany had an alliance with Austria-Hungary and also had an alliance with Russia. Then Bismark was dismissed and the Kaiser did not renew the treaty with Russia. Instead a Triple Alliance was made between Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy. This made France and Russia very nervous so they decided to form their own alliance which was called the Franco-Russian Alliance. Britain tried to stay out of the alliances, but Britain highly distrusted Germany after the Boer war and so they joined forces with France and Russia. This formed the Triple Entente Alliance. In the years that followed, several crisis happened within the alliances to lend fuel to the start of the war. First of all there was the Tangier Crisis. In which the Kaiser wanted to try out his new army and Britain and France negotiated peace to avoid a fight. I think the Kaiser wanted to beat the French to show the Brits how much stronger his army is. Then there was the Agadir Crisis, the Bosnian Crisis and the Balkan wars. All of these were smaller battles between two or three countries which very easily could have involved the other allied countries. Instead people got angrier and more power-hungry. It built upon itself until the final straw which was the assassination of Ferdinand. ...

Monday, November 4, 2019

Problem solving skills Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Problem solving skills - Essay Example The math trial is to be done by students who will be divided into two groups to promote team work among them. The maths trail will have four stops of 6 minutes each so that the pupils get to answer questions and do not have much time to lose concentration, (Ollerton, 2007). Questions to be asked would be: are all the chimes in the park of the same length? Do they make the same sound? How is the length of the chime and pitch of the tone related? They will be determining the period. One pupil will sit on the swing, the second will count the number of 10 back and forth swings and divide by ten. This is to be repeated using different distances. Does this affect period? Other swings with different lengths of chains are also to be tried with the same experiment to determine if the length of the chain affect period of the swing. The last questions will be counting the number of trees that are in the resting place, measuring and comparing their diameters too. The first stop will be at the chimes. Chimes are fascinating due to the beautiful musical motes they make. Some need to be stricken by a stick to make sounds. This exercise will help pupils in learning to explore and observe, (Morgan, 2006). The second stop would be at the slides. Slides usually provide a lot of fun to both adults and children. Some are usually steeper than others. The third stop will be at the swings. Swings provide a feeling of relaxing when playing on it. This will require pupils to help each other. Three will volunteer to dot is as others watch and help in observation. The last stop will be in a protected open field that has a few trees and shrubs. This will help pupils in developing observational skills, estimation, measuring and content knowledge, (Ollerton, 2007). In conclusion, math trials offer huge learning experiences at all ages easily. Math trials can be organized to address specific topics or just help the

Saturday, November 2, 2019

A discussion of a contemporary play by an Asian or Asian-American Essay

A discussion of a contemporary play by an Asian or Asian-American playwright - Essay Example truggling; a forty year old mother, who sacrificed everything for her family; a forty five year old carpenter, who wants to promote his ancestors’ arts; director Ma is fifty years old and is very bold and flaunt-natured. Name of each character shows appearance of people belonging to their specific age groups. They are waiting for a never arriving bus; if, by any chance, it arrives, it never stops for its passengers. The place where eight characters are desperately waiting is a bus stop; however, the bus almost never arrives at this bus stop, and when it does, it passes by without stopping. There are two iron railings where time and again all the passengers ask each other to form a queue. Sign board is almost erased due to being so old, and people wait for endless hours on the bus stop and then leave without ever catching a bus. Time is passing very slowly and the waiting passengers are looking at their watches over and over again. Somebody says it’s an hour, another says that a whole year has elapsed. In China, the most common and most convenient way of traveling is through bus, and, therefore, people from every class use it quite often. That is why whatever is happening at the bus stop is the portrayal of the real life issues. Even though a lot of their time is wasted while they are waiting for the bus, which, in turn, makes them annoyed, rude, irritated and violent, yet they still go through this whole process of waiting every day. They pass their time by talking and discussing different things with each other. Although all of them are destined to go different places and have different purposes and ambitions of life, this bus stop is the element that connects their lives, links them to each other, with people belonging to every group of age. The bus stop has become an important part of their lives, where they expect to find someone with whom they can indulge in discussions about things of common interest and who can help solve problems by talking about